Last roman

4 D принтиране: Explainer: What Is 4D Printing? Additive manufacturing – or 3D printing – is 30 years old this year. Today, it’s found not just in industry but in households, as the price of 3D printers has fallen below US$1,000. Knowing you can print almost anything, not just marks on paper, opens up unlimited opportunities for us to manufacture toys, household appliances and tools in our living rooms. But there’s more that can be done with 3D printed materials to make them more flexible and more useful: structures that can transform in a pre-programmed way in response to a stimulus. Recently given the popular science name of “4D printing”, perhaps a better way to think about it is that the object transforms over time. These sorts of structural deformations are not new – researchers have already demonstrated “memory” and “smart material” properties. One of the most popular technologies is known as shape memory alloy, where a change of temperature triggers a shape change. Other successful approaches use electroactive polymers, pressurised fluids or gasses, chemical stimulus and even in response to light. In a paper published in Nature Scientific Reports, we looked at the design of complex self-deformations in objects that have been printed from multiple materials as a means to customise the object into specific forms. Unlike many others who have demonstrated how to bend simple paper-like shapes, we constructed a two-dimensional grid structure that deforms itself by stretching or shrinking across a complex three-dimensional surface. Imagine dropping a flat stretchable cloth onto a randomly shaped object, where the cloth moulds over the shape beneath it. In geometrical terms, as the curvature of the cloth changes to fit the object, the distances and areas alter. We took this into account by providing a solution that copes with bending and also expansion in size, and came up with several designs that demonstrated that this is possible. Underwater transformation Head of the MIT’s Self-Assembly Laboratory, Skylar Tibbits, started this line of research a few years ago with expanding materials and simple deformations. The collaboration of researchers from MIT’s Camera Culture group and Self-Assembly Laboratory and the companies Stratasys and Autodesk Inc took this further. Our approach was to print 3D structures using materials with different properties: one that remained rigid and another that expanded up to 200% of its original volume. The expanding materials were placed strategically on the main structure to produce joints that stretched and folded like a bendy straw when activated by water, forming a broad range of shapes. For example, a 3D-printed shape that resembled the initials “MIT” was shown to evolve into another formation that looks like the initials “SAL”. What now? We imagine there’s a wide range of applications such as home appliances and products that can adapt to heat or moisture to improve comfort or add functionality. Childcare products that can react to humidity or temperature, for example, or clothes and footwear that optimise their form and function by reacting to changes in the environment. There are also uses for pre-programmed self-deforming materials in healthcare – researchers are printing biocompatible components that can be implanted in the human body. There are many more uses these could be put to if they can be manufactured to change shape and function without external intervention from a surgeon. Individually designed cardiac tubes are one good example. This was a proof of concept for self-transforming materials, with an easy production process and an available suite of tools to customise and analyse the process. But even so, this is just scratching the surface – in the future we aim to produce larger structures which can handle more complex transformations, as well as smaller, miniaturised models which can be used in the body. While we found the deformations could be applied and reversed repeatedly, the material degraded after a while, so we need to improve its long-term durability. With 4D printing there’s a lot to play with. Now, that 3D printing captured our imagination, just think what adding time to the equation could do. This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.

Едва ли е осъществимо така както си го замислил.

Абе оставам с впечатлението, че ценовистите са зле прикрити глобалисти с нея техни пан-транспеласготракийски болнави фантазийки.

Понижава вътреочното налягане при пациенти с откритоъгълна глаукома. Също се използва и като аналгетично средство при онкоболни.

абсолютно! От историческите сведения знаем, че римляните са използвали вулканичната пепел /поцолана/ в забъркването на бетона и ето че научното обяснение за издръжливостта на римските постройки е факт

NASA's Curiosity Rover Finds Clues to How Water Helped Shape Martian Landscape This evenly layered rock photographed by the Mast Camera (Mastcam) on NASA's Curiosity Mars Rover on Aug. 7, 2014, shows a pattern typical of a lake-floor sedimentary deposit not far from where flowing water entered a lake. Observations by NASA's Curiosity Rover indicate Mars' Mount Sharp was built by sediments deposited in a large lake bed over tens of millions of years. This interpretation of Curiosity's finds in Gale Crater suggests ancient Mars maintained a climate that could have produced long-lasting lakes at many locations on the Red Planet. "If our hypothesis for Mount Sharp holds up, it challenges the notion that warm and wet conditions were transient, local, or only underground on Mars," said Ashwin Vasavada, Curiosity deputy project scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. "A more radical explanation is that Mars' ancient, thicker atmosphere raised temperatures above freezing globally, but so far we don't know how the atmosphere did that." Why this layered mountain sits in a crater has been a challenging question for researchers. Mount Sharp stands about 3 miles (5 kilometers) tall, its lower flanks exposing hundreds of rock layers. The rock layers - alternating between lake, river and wind deposits -- bear witness to the repeated filling and evaporation of a Martian lake much larger and longer-lasting than any previously examined close-up. "We are making headway in solving the mystery of Mount Sharp," said Curiosity Project Scientist John Grotzinger of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. "Where there's now a mountain, there may have once been a series of lakes." Curiosity currently is investigating the lowest sedimentary layers of Mount Sharp, a section of rock 500 feet (150 meters) high, dubbed the Murray formation. Rivers carried sand and silt to the lake, depositing the sediments at the mouth of the river to form deltas similar to those found at river mouths on Earth. This cycle occurred over and over again. "The great thing about a lake that occurs repeatedly, over and over, is that each time it comes back it is another experiment to tell you how the environment works," Grotzinger said. "As Curiosity climbs higher on Mount Sharp, we will have a series of experiments to show patterns in how the atmosphere and the water and the sediments interact. We may see how the chemistry changed in the lakes over time. This is a hypothesis supported by what we have observed so far, providing a framework for testing in the coming year." After the crater filled to a height of at least a few hundred yards, or meters, and the sediments hardened into rock, the accumulated layers of sediment were sculpted over time into a mountainous shape by wind erosion that carved away the material between the crater perimeter and what is now the edge of the mountain. On the 5-mile (8-kilometer) journey from Curiosity's 2012 landing site to its current work site at the base of Mount Sharp, the rover uncovered clues about the changing shape of the crater floor during the era of lakes. "We found sedimentary rocks suggestive of small, ancient deltas stacked on top of one another," said Curiosity science team member Sanjeev Gupta of Imperial College in London. "Curiosity crossed a boundary from an environment dominated by rivers to an environment dominated by lakes." Despite earlier evidence from several Mars missions that pointed to wet environments on ancient Mars, modeling of the ancient climate has yet to identify the conditions that could have produced long periods warm enough for stable water on the surface. NASA's Mars Science Laboratory Project uses Curiosity to assess ancient, potentially habitable environments and the significant changes the Martian environment has experienced over millions of years. This project is one element of NASA's ongoing Mars research and preparation for a human mission to the planet in the 2030s. "Knowledge we're gaining about Mars' environmental evolution by deciphering how Mount Sharp formed will also help guide plans for future missions to seek signs of Martian life," said Michael Meyer, lead scientist for NASA's Mars Exploration Program at the agency's headquarters in Washington. JPL, managed by Caltech, built the rover and manages the project for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. For more information about Curiosity, visit: http://www.nasa.gov/msl

за свободна Юдея се е борил, естествено.

е, щом ценовистите опряхте до свободни разсъждения, почерпени от филми за бавноразвиващи се /визирам масовите холивудски продукции/.... Абе цялата ви работа е такава.

Айде без комплименти в темата. Това не са аргументи а показва единствено липсата на такива.

То Люсито е напълно измислен филм, опиращ се на стара и погрешна теория, че не ползмаме пълния капацитет на мозъка си. Примерът на Табов също е ирелевантен, но пък е забавно, че същевременно той прави същата грешка, робувайки на архаични и несъстоятелни хипотези.

Нема такава тема))

Блогодарности за обобщението.

пак конспирации и свободни съчинения.

Гривна превръща кожата в сензорен екран Oт задаващия се умен часовник на Apple до технологичните гривни на Fitbit - все повече устройства си съперничат да бъдат носени от потребителите. Скоро към тях ще се присъедини гривна, която превръща кожата в сензорен екран с помощта на малък вграден прожектор, пише The Daily Mail, цитиран от "Фокус". Хората, които носят гривната Cicret ще могат да проверяват електронната си поща или да гледат филм на ръката си между китката и лакътя. Нещо повече, те ще бъдат в състояние да контролират изображението, използвайки кожата си като сензорен дисплей. Създателите на устройството, които в момента събират средства за производството му на уеб страницата си, твърдят, че с него може да се прави всичко, което се прави с телефон или таблет - четене на имейли, сърфиране в мрежата, гледане на видео, игране на игри и дори провеждане на телефонни разговори. Миниатюрният прожектор в гривната излъчва изображението върху кожата, а осем сензора за близост засичат всяко плъзгане, потупване или пощипване. Гривната има USB порт и акселерометър и поддържа Bluetooth и Wi-Fi. Тя може да се синхронизира с iPhone или да се използва като самостоятелно устройство. Френските инженери, които са я изобретили казват, че възнамеряват да добавят и 3G възможности.

изобщо не виждам смисъл темата да продължава поради факта, че всеки си избива комплексите в нея. Което е жалко.

от Prunus spinosa та на Crataegus monogyna, както се вика.

или /което е по-вероятно/ изобщо не им е минало през ума да тълкуват нещата по начина по който го правят псевдоисториците.

- Ако черна котка ти мине път, а после се върне и ти го мине наобратно – това двойно нещастие ли е, или пък се неутрализира първото минаване? - Зависи дали котката е скаларна или векторна величина...

май няма да доживея момента да прочета безпристрастно и обективно мнение по тази тема.))

водният телеграф на Еней: The hydraulic telegraph of Aeneas – long-distance communication of antiquity Advances in technology have drastically changed the way we live today compared to those of our ancient past. One type of technology that many of us may take for granted is the ability to communicate with others over long distances, or to large groups of people. A look back at ancient civilizations can give us insight today into the very first methods of long-distance communications. In 350 BC, a Greek named Aeneas invented the hydraulic telegraph, which was a means of communicating important, fairly detailed information, quickly over long distances. Aeneas was a Greek writer who focused on military history, strategy, communications. He was one of the first authors to provide a guide on military communications, which were important for ensuring that any society had the ability to anticipate possible invasions, and to communicate strategy and tactics back and forth between groups. Aeneas was frustrated by the limitations placed on communications via torches and beacons. Torches allowed some messages to be conveyed, for example, they could indicate danger, or communicate that an objective had been accomplished, but they could not send messages with any level of detail or description. Essentially, they could communicate that something had occurred, but there was no way to communicate what had occurred. Information transmission through beacons. Image source: Nature Aeneas therefore developed the hydraulic telegraph in an attempt to overcome these obstacles. The telegraph involved a system of water-filled vessels containing rods that contained agreed-upon messages (such as “horsemen entering the country”, or “ships”). The two groups who wished to communicate would both have an identical set of supplies, and would be positioned far away from one another, but still within a line of sight, usually upon a hill. When one party wanted to send a message to the other, they would raise a torch. Upon seeing the torch raised, the second party would raise their torch to confirm they were prepared to receive the message. When the initial sender lowered his torch, both sides would simultaneously pull the plug from the bottom of the water-containing vessel. As the water drained, different messages on the rod would be revealed. When the intended message reached the top, the initial sender would again light his torch, signaling that the receiver should re-plug the vessel and read the message on the rod. For this to work properly, both parties had to have vessels of the same size, filled with the same volume of water, and rods containing the same messages. They also had to be very precise, starting and stopping drainage at the correct moment. A replica of the hydraulic telegraph of Aeneas. Credit: Augusta Stylianou While the technology of the hydraulic telegraph seems very simple, its creation was marveled as a significant advancement in communication technology by allowing pre-determined messages to be sent long distances. In the event of an intrusion or an enemy approaching, they would only see the brief torch flashes, and would not be able to intercept the message in any way. This advancement in communication was also a great advancement in military communication and strategy. Messages were sent from Sicily to Carthage during the First Punic War (264-241 BC) using the hydraulic telegraph, also known as a Semaphore line. A stamp depicting the hydraulic telegraph in use. Image source: mlahanas.de Through the hydraulic telegraph, the military now had the ability to communicate specific messages that allowed other groups of military personnel, as well as civilians, to better prepare for potential invasions by land or sea. This early form of long-distance communication was advanced for its time, and it paved the way for future forms of communications, which have led to the many methods we have available today. http://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-technology/hydraulic-telegraph-aeneas-long-distance-communication-antiquity-002185

ами както добре го каза най-накрая - Цеца си е литератор. И като всеки средновековен автор, за да покаже, колко е начетен, ползва архаизми в произведенията си /типичен похват за ромеите, които така украсяват творбите си/. Ето защо не бива да се предоверяваме на метафорите му, само защото така ни се иска.

Плюс несторианството и монофизитството.

добивът на шистов газ, освен неекологичен, скъпоструващ и съмнителен откъм избиване на инвестицията, е и монопол на определени западни компании /демек за никаква държавна собственост не може да иде и реч/. Последните дупчиха в Румъния, но се оказа, че очакванията им за големи находища са неоснователни. Само разбутаха колибите на местното население, чиито протести бяха доста ефективно потушени от полицията /като в доброто старо време/. Съмнявам се, че и у нас картинката ще е по-различна.